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الأحد، 3 نوفمبر 2013
9:53 ص
Unknown
The
usual treatment for both simple and complicated urinary tract infections is
antibiotics. The type of antibiotic and duration of treatment depend on the
circumstances.
Lower
urinary tract infection (cystitis)
In
an otherwise healthy young female, a three-day course of antibiotics is usually
enough. Some providers prefer a seven-day course of antibiotics. Occasionally,
a single dose of an antibiotic is used. Your health-care provider will
determine which of these options is best for you.
Adult
males with a UTI require seven to 14 days of antibiotics. If the prostate is
also infected (prostatitis), four weeks or more of antibiotic treatment may be
required.
Adult
females with potential for or early involvement of the kidneys, urinary tract
abnormalities, or diabetes are usually given a five- to seven-day course of
antibiotics.
Children
with uncomplicated cystitis are usually given a 10-day course of antibiotics.
To
alleviate burning pain during urination, phenazopyridine (Pyridium) or a
similar drug, can be used in addition to antibiotics for one to two days.
Upper
urinary tract infection (pyelonephritis)
Young,
otherwise healthy females with symptoms of pyelonephritis can be treated as
outpatients. They may receive IV fluids and antibiotics or an injection of
antibiotics in the emergency department, followed by 10-14 days of oral
antibiotics. They should follow up with their health-care provider in one to
two days to monitor improvement.
If
you are very ill, dehydrated, or unable to keep anything in your stomach
because of vomiting, an IV will be inserted into your arm. You will be admitted
to the hospital and given fluids and antibiotics through the IV until you are
well enough to switch to an oral antibiotic.
A
complicated infection may require treatment for several weeks.
You
may be hospitalized if you have symptoms of pyelonephritis and any of the
following:
appear
very ill;
are
pregnant;
have
not gotten better with outpatient antibiotic treatment;
have
underlying diseases that compromise the immune system (diabetes is one example)
or are taking immunosuppressive medication;
are
unable to keep anything in your stomach because of nausea or vomiting;
had
previous kidney disease, especially pyelonephritis within the last 30 days;
have
a device such as a urinary catheter in place; or
have
kidney stones.
Urethritis
in men and women can be caused by the same bacteria as sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs). Therefore, people with symptoms of STDs (vaginal or penile
discharge for example) should be treated with appropriate antibiotics.
9:34 ص
Unknown
Seek Medical Care
Any adult or child who develops any of the symptoms of a
urinary tract infection needs to be evaluated by a medical professional,
preferably within 24 hours. Most medical offices can test urine for infection
by using a quick urine "dipstick" test.
If
you have symptoms of a lower urinary tract infection, call your health-care
provider for an appointment, preferably on the very day that symptoms are
recognized.
If
you have symptoms of an upper urinary tract infection involving the kidneys,
call your health-care provider immediately. Depending on the situation, he or
she will recommend either a visit to the office or to a hospital emergency
department.
If
you have symptoms of a lower urinary tract infection and any of the following
applies to you, you may have a urinary tract infection that can potentially be
serious. Go to a hospital emergency department right away.
Vomiting
and inability to keep down clear fluids or medication
Not
better after taking antibiotics for two days
Pregnant
Having
diabetes or another disease that affects the immune system (for example, AIDS)
Taking
medication that suppresses the immune system such as cancer chemotherapy
Infants,
children, and elderly people with any of the signs and symptoms of UTI should
go to an emergency department for evaluation.
Fever,
lethargy, and poor appetite may indicate a simple lower urinary tract infection
in these groups, but they may also be signs of something more serious.
Urinary
tract infections have the potential to make these vulnerable people very ill.
Urinary
Tract Infection Diagnosis
Diagnosis
of a urinary tract infection is based on information you give about your
symptoms, medical and surgical history, medications, habits, and lifestyle. A
physical examination and lab tests complete the evaluation.
Your
doctor may simply perform a urine dipstick test in the office. Only a few
minutes are needed to obtain results. Your doctor may also send your urine to
the lab for testing. These results take a few days to come back. This tells
your doctor the exact bacteria causing your infection and to which antibiotics
these bacteria have resistance or sensitivity. The culture is usually sent for
special populations, including men, because they are less likely to get UTIs.
It is not necessary to send a culture for everyone because the majority of UTIs
are caused by the same bacteria.
The
single most important lab test is urinalysis. A sample of your urine will be
tested for signs of infection, such as the presence of white blood cells and
bacteria.
In
certain circumstances, your urine also may be "cultured." This means
that a small amount of the urine is brushed on a sterile nutrient substance in
a plastic plate. The plate is allowed to
sit for a few days and then examined to see what kind of bacteria are growing
on it. These bacteria are treated with different antibiotics to see which works
best against them. This helps determine the best treatment for your specific
infection.
Blood
tests usually are not required unless a complicated condition, such as
pyelonephritis or kidney failure, is suspected.
You
may be asked to give a clean-catch, midstream urine specimen. This avoids
contamination of the urine with bacteria from your skin. You should be
instructed in how to do this.
Midstream
means you urinate a little into the toilet before collecting a specimen. The
idea is that you don't collect the urine that comes out first, as this urine is
often contaminated.
Clean-catch
refers to a midstream sample that was collected after cleaning the area of the
urethral opening.
Adult
women and older girls: Cleanse the area around your urethral opening gently
(but completely) using a sterile wipe or soap and water. Catch the urine
midstream. For some women, catheterization (inserting a tube into the bladder)
may be the only way to obtain a sterile, uncontaminated specimen.
Men
and boys: A sterile specimen can usually be obtained with a midstream catch.
Uncircumcised males should retract the foreskin and cleanse the area before
urinating.
Newborns:
Urine may be obtained with a procedure in which a needle is introduced through
the lower abdominal wall to draw (aspirate) urine from the bladder.
Infants
and children: Either catheterization or the needle aspiration method is used.
If
you cannot produce a urine specimen or are unable to follow instructions for a
clean-catch specimen, your health-care provider may obtain a urine specimen by
catheterizing you.
This
means placing a thin tube (catheter) in your urethra to drain urine from your
bladder.
The
catheter usually is removed after the bladder is emptied.
The
catheter may remain in place if you are very ill or if it is necessary to
collect all urine or measure urine output.
Depending
on their symptoms, young sexually active women could require a pelvic
examination because pelvic infections can have similar symptoms as a urinary
tract infection.
Men
will most likely require a rectal examination so that the prostate can be
checked. A prostate infection (prostatitis) requires a longer course of
antibiotics than a urinary tract infection.
In
some cases, an imaging test may be indicated to detect any underlying problem
in the urinary tract that could cause an infection. This is usually only
necessary in repeat infections or special circumstances (unusual bacteria,
suspected anatomic abnormalities).
An ultrasound examination can evaluate
kidney and bladder problems.
A
fluoroscopic study can show any physical problems that predispose children to
urinary tract infections.
Intravenous
pyelogram (IVP) is a special series of X-rays that uses a contrast dye to
highlight abnormalities in the urinary tract.
Cystoscopy
involves insertion of a thin, flexible tube with a tiny camera on the end
through the urethra into the bladder. This allows detection of abnormalities
inside the bladder that might contribute to infections.
Act scan gives a very detailed three-dimensional picture of the urinary tract.
Imaging
tests are most often needed for the following groups:
Children
with urinary tract infections, especially boys
Up
to 50% of infants and 30% of older children with a urinary tract infection have
an anatomic abnormality. The child's pediatrician should investigate this
possibility.
Adults
with frequent or recurrent urinary tract infections
People who have blood in the urine
8:21 ص
Unknown
Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms and Signs
Lower urinary tract infection (cystitis): The lining of the
urethra and bladder becomes inflamed and irritated.
Dysuria: pain or burning during urination
Frequency: more frequent
urination (or waking up at night to urinate, sometimes referred
to as nocturia); often with only a small amount of urine
Urgency: the sensation of having to urinate urgently
Hesitancy: the sensation of not being able to urinate easily
or completely (or feeling that you have to urinate but only a few drops of
urine come out)
Cloudy, bad-smelling, or bloody urine
Lower abdominal pain
Mild fever (less than 101° F), chills, and "just not
feeling well" (malaise)
Upper urinary tract infection (pyelonephritis): Symptoms
develop rapidly and may or may not include the symptoms for a lower urinary
tract infection.
Fairly high fever (higher than 101° F)
Shaking chills
Nausea
Vomiting
Flank pain: pain in your back or side, usually on only one
side at about waist level
In newborns, infants, children, and elderly people, the
classic symptoms of a urinary tract infection may not be present. Other
symptoms may indicate a urinary tract infection.
Newborns: fever or hypothermia (low
temperature), poor feeding,jaundice
Infants: vomiting, diarrhea,
fever, poor feeding, not thriving
Children: irritability, eating poorly, unexplained fever that
doesn't go away, loss of bowel control, loose bowels, change in urination
pattern
Elderly people: fever or hypothermia, poor appetite,
lethargy, change in mental status
Pregnant women are at increased risk for an UTI. Typically,
pregnant women do not have unusual or unique symptoms. If you are pregnant,
your urine should be checked during prenatal visits because an unrecognized
infection can cause pregnancy complications
or miscarriage.
Although most people have symptoms with a urinary tract
infection, some do not.
The symptoms of urinary tract infection can resemble those
of sexually transmitted diseases.
8:11 ص
Unknown
Urinary Tract Infection Causes
The
urine is normally sterile. An infection occurs when bacteria get into the urine
and begin to grow. The infection usually starts at the opening of the urethra
where the urine leaves the body and moves upward into the urinary tract.
The
culprit in at least 90% of uncomplicated infections is a type of bacteria
called Escherichia coli, better know as E. coli.
These bacteria normally live in the bowel (colon) and around the anus.
These
bacteria can move from the area around the anus to the opening of the urethra.
The two most common causes of this are poor hygiene and sexualintercourse.
Usually,
the act of emptying the bladder (urinating) flushes the bacteria out of the
urethra. If there are too many bacteria, urinating may not stop their spread.
The
bacteria can travel up the urethra to the bladder, where they can grow and
cause an infection.
The
infection can spread further as the bacteria move up from the bladder via the
ureters.
If
they reach the kidney, they can cause a kidney infection(pyelonephritis), which can
become a very serious condition if not treated promptly.
The
following people are at increased risk of urinary tract infection:
People
with conditions that block (obstruct) the urinary tract, such askidney stones
People
with medical conditions that cause incomplete bladder emptying (for example,
spinal cord injury or bladder decompensation aftermenopause)
People
with suppressed immune systems: Examples of situations in which the immune
system is suppressed are AIDS and diabetes. People who take immunosuppressant
medications such as chemotherapy forcancer also are at increased risk.
Women
who are sexually active: Sexual intercourse can introduce larger numbers of
bacteria into the bladder. Infection is more likely in women who have frequent
intercourse. Infection attributed to frequent intercourse is nicknamed
"honeymoon cystitis." Urinating after intercourse seems to decrease
the likelihood of developing a urinary tract infection.
Women
who use a diaphragm for birth control
Men
with an enlarged prostate: Prostatitis or obstruction of the urethra
by an enlarged prostate can lead to incomplete bladder emptying, thus
increasing the risk of infection. This is most common in older men.
Males
are also less likely to develop UTIs because their urethra (tube from the
bladder) is longer. There is a drier environment where a man's urethra meets
the outside world, and fluid produced in the prostate can fight bacteria.
Breastfeeding
has been found to decrease the risk for urinary tract infections.
The
following special groups may be at increased risk of urinary tract infection:
السبت، 2 نوفمبر 2013
7:27 ص
Unknown
What are the causes of night sweats in women, men, and children?
There are many different causes of night sweats. To determine what is causing night sweats in a particular patient, a doctor must obtain a detailed medical history and order tests to decide if an underlying medical condition is responsible for the night sweats.
Although many people associate menopause with night sweats, this is only one cause of night sweats in women. Many other conditions can cause night sweats in men, women, or children.
What are the symptoms of night sweats?
Depending upon the underlying cause of the night sweats, other symptoms may occur in association with the sweating. For example:
- With certain infections and cancers,fever can develop along with night sweats
- Shaking and chills can sometimes occur
- With cancers such as lymphoma, unexplained weight loss can occur.
- Night sweats due to the menopausal transition are typically accompanied by other symptoms of menopause such asvaginal dryness, daytime hot flashes, and mood changes.
- Night sweats that occur as a side effect of medications can be accompanied by other medication side effects, depending upon the specific drug.
- Conditions that result in increased sweating in general (as opposed to only night sweats) will result in increased sweating at other hours of the day.
Menopause
The hot flashes that accompany the menopausal transition can occur at night and cause sweating. This is a very common cause of night sweats in perimenopausal women. It is important to remember that hot flashes and other symptoms of the perimenopause can precede the actual menopause (the cessation of menstrual periods) by several years.
Idiopathic hyperhidrosis
Idiopathic hyperhidrosis is a condition in which the body chronically produces too much sweat without any identifiable medical cause.
nfections
Classically, tuberculosis is the infection most commonly associated with night sweats. However, bacterial infections, such as the following conditions can also be associated with night sweats:
- endocarditis (inflammation of the heart valves),
- osteomyelitis (inflammation within the bones due to infection),
- abscesses (for example, boils,appendix, tonsils, perianal, peritonsillar,diverticulitis), and
- AIDS virus (HIV) infection.
Cancer
Night sweats are an early symptom of some cancers. The most common type of cancerassociated with night sweats is lymphoma. However, people who have an undiagnosed cancer frequently have other symptoms as well, such as unexplained weight loss andfever
Medication
Taking certain medications can lead to night sweats. In cases without other physical symptoms or signs of tumor or infection, medications are often determined to be the cause of night sweats.
Antidepressant medications are a common type of medication that can lead to night sweats. All types of antidepressants including tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and the newer agents, venlafaxine (Effexor) andbupropion (Wellbutrin) can cause night sweats as a side effect, with a range in incidence from 8% to 22% of persons taking antidepressant drugs. Other psychiatric drugs have also been associated with night sweats.
Medicine taken to lower fever (antipyretics) such as aspirin and acetaminophen can sometimes lead to sweating.
Other types of drugs can cause flushing (redness of the skin, typically over the cheeks and neck), which, as mentioned above, may be confused with night sweats. Some of the many drugs that can cause flushing include:
- niacin (Niacor, Niaspan, Slo-Niacin - taken in the higher doses used for lipid disorders)],
- tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
- hydralazine,
- nitroglycerine, and
- sildenafil (Viagra).
Many other drugs not mentioned above, including cortisone, prednisone, and prednisolone, may also be associated with flushing or night sweats.
Hypoglycemia
Sometimes low blood glucose(hypoglycemia) levels can cause sweating. People who are taking insulin or oral anti-diabetic medications may experience hypoglycemia at night that is accompanied by sweating.
Hormone disorders
Sweating or flushing can be seen with several hormone disorders, includingpheochromocytoma (a type of adrenal gland tumor that overproduces hormones known as catecholamines), carcinoid syndrome(overproduction of certain hormones by tumors of the lung or gastrointestinal system), and hyperthyroidism (excessive levels of thyroid hormones).
Neurologic conditions
Uncommonly, neurologic conditions may cause increased sweating and possibly lead to night sweats including:
- autonomic dysreflexia,
- post-traumatic syringomyelia,
- stroke, and
- autonomic neuropathy.
Night sweats treatment
The treatment for night sweats depends upon the underlying cause.
In summary, night sweats are usually a harmless annoyance; however, they are sometimes a sign of an underlying medical condition. Persons with unexplained night sweats should seek medical care
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